In the 19th century, the growth of modern research.
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Universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize
20 Dec
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Since then, various areas of investigation.
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That were traditionally part of philosophy have become separate academic disciplines, such as psychology,
sociology, linguistics, and economics.
28 Nov
Initially the term referred to any body of knowledge.
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In this sense, philosophy is closely related to religion, mathematics, natural science, education, and politics.
12 Nov
In one general sense, philosophy is associated with wisdom, intellectual culture, and a search for
knowledge.
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In this sense, all cultures and literate societies ask philosophical questions, such as "how are we to
live" and "what is the nature of reality."
21 Oct
In Against the Logicians the Pyrrhonist philosopher.
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Sextus Empiricus detailed the variety of ways in which the ancient Greek philosophers had divided philosophy,
noting that this three-part division was agreed to by Plato, Aristotle, Xenocrates, and the Stoics.
7 Oct
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Medieval philosophy is the period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
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Was dominated by the rise of Christianity and hence reflects Judeo-Christian theological concerns as well as
retaining a continuity with Greco-Roman thought.
30 Sep
The regions of the Fertile Crescent, Iran and Arabia are home.
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To the earliest known philosophical wisdom literature and is today mostly dominated by Islamic culture.
2 Sep
Early Wisdom Literature from the Fertile Crescent was a genre.
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Which sought to instruct people on ethical action, practical living and virtue through stories and proverbs.
17 Aug
Islamic philosophy is the philosophical work originating in the Islamic tradition and is mostly done in
Arabic.
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It draws from the religion of Islam as well as from Greco-Roman philosophy.
30 Jul
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Many philosophical debates that began in ancient times are still debated today.
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British philosopher Colin McGinn claims that no philosophical progress has occurred during that interval.
27 Jun
Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality, such as existence, time, objects and their
properties.
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Wholes and their parts, events, processes and causation and the relationship between mind and body.
13 Jul
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A major point of debate is between realism.
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Which holds that there are entities that exist independently of their mental perception and idealism, which
holds that reality is mentally constructed or otherwise immaterial. Metaphysics deals with the topic of
identity.
4 Jul
Logic is the study of reasoning and argument.
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Deductive reasoning is when, given certain premises, conclusions are unavoidably implied.
20 Jun
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Philosophy of language explores the nature, origins, and use of language.
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Philosophy of mind explores the nature of the mind and its relationship to the body, as typified by disputes
between materialism and dualism.
5 May
The philosophy of science explores the foundations, methods, history, implications and purpose of science.
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Many of its subdivisions correspond to specific branches of science.
4 May
Political philosophy is the study of government and the relationship of individuals (or families and clans)
to communities including the state.
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It includes questions about justice, law, property and the rights and obligations of the citizen.
30 Apr
Issues include the existence of God, the relationship between reason and faith, questions of religious
epistemology, the relationship between religion and science.
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How to interpret religious experiences, questions about the possibility of an afterlife, the problem of
religious language and the existence of souls and responses to religious pluralism and diversity.
16 Apr
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Metaphilosophy explores the aims, boundaries and methods of philosophy.
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It is debated as to whether Metaphilosophy is a subject that comes prior to philosophy or whether it is
inherently part of philosophy.
12 Mar
Some of those who study philosophy become professional philosophers, typically by working as professors who
teach, research and write in academic institutions.
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However, most students of academic philosophy later contribute to law, journalism, religion, sciences, politics,
business, or various arts.
22 Feb
Recent efforts to avail the general public to the work and relevance of philosophers include the
million-dollar Berggruen Prize, first awarded to Charles Taylor in 2016.
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Some philosophers argue that this professionalization has negatively affected the discipline.
3 Jan